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Woodstock Palace

Coordinates: 51°50′45″N 01°21′50″W / 51.84583°N 1.36389°W / 51.84583; -1.36389
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An old print of the Palace of Woodstock

Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire.[1]

Henry I of England built a hunting lodge here and in 1129 he built 7 miles (11 km) of walls to create the first enclosed park, where lions and leopards were kept. The lodge became a palace under Henry's grandson, Henry II, who spent time here with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford.[1] Henry III frequently visited the palace for entertainment, including once in 1237 when he invited his long-confined cousin Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany.[2]

Timeline

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Important events that took place at the palace or manor include:

A chapel or oratory was built for Eleanor of Provence, the wife of Henry III, in 1250. The new chapel was dedicated to St Edward and located above the Queen's Chamber. Externally the chapel had crenellations.[5]

Henry VII and family

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Henry VII rebuilt a part of the palace in the 1490s.[6] He spent over £4000 from his chamber account on building works at Woodstock.[7] The work was supervised by Master George Gainesford, Sheriff of Oxfordshire and others, and the mason was William Este of Oxford.[8] He modified the hall, a bay window for the Queen's chamber (for Elizabeth of York), and, in 1507, the gatehouse. According to Isaac Wake the gatehouse had a carved Latin inscription recording that it was the work of Henry VII.The King's chamber also had a bay window (built by William Flower), and there was a chamber for his mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort.[9]

The new hall roof was constructed by a carpenter John Brian of Oxford in 1494. Brian complained that Henry VII had agreed to his drawing for the roof, but after he began cutting and shaping the timbers, Henry Dean, Prior of Llanthony (paymaster at the site) told him to make changes. Brian asked for another £9 to accommodate a change in the plan or "proposition" for the roof involving a round window.[10] Stone for Palace in the 1490s was brought from quarries at Shirburn, Barrington, Taynton, and Windrush. Timber was brought from Bladon, Kirtlington, and Spelsbury. Bricks were made at Oxford and at Brill.[11]

William Este or East maintained the Palace for many years. In the reign of Henry VIII, Sir Edward Chamberlain organised repairs to the newer buildings and to "Rosamund's Place". The roofs at Woodstock were repaired with lead taken from the Priory at Canons Ashby. Edward VI sent a carpenter called Thomas Cropper to survey and draw the buildings.[12]

Elizabeth I and the gatehouse

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Elizabeth I, as Princess or "Lady Elizabeth", was at Woodstock from 20 May 1554 to June 1555.[13] She is said to have been lodged in the upper floors of the gatehouse in 1554, and scratched inscriptions on the palace windows with a diamond ring, and written on a shutter with charcoal.[14] Including the verse:

Much suspected by me,
Nothing proved can be,
Quoth ELIZABETH the prisoner.[15]

Her words were noted by the travellers Paul Hentzner and Henri, Duke of Rohan in 1600. A chamber in the gatehouse had an arched oak ceiling, with carving, painted blue with gilt decoration, and was later known as Queen Elizabeth's Chamber.[16] According to John Foxe, Elizabeth envied the freedom of milkmaids at Woodstock who she could hear singing in the garden.[17]

Repairs made to the palace in 1576 included the plastering of several rooms. The accounts mention a courtyard with a fountain decorated in an earlier period with heraldic beasts, and a stairway to the great hall also featured four beasts.[18]

17th century

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King James I and his wife Anne of Denmark, her secretary William Fowler, and Arbella Stuart came to Woodstock in September 1603 during a time of plague.[19] Sir Robert Cecil criticised the building as, "unwholsome, all the house standing upon springs. It is unsavoury, for there is no savour but of cows and pigs. It is uneaseful, for only the King and Queen with the privy chamber ladies and 3 or 4 of Scottish council are lodged in the house".[20] The court was at Woodstock again in September 1610.[21]

In 1611, King James I gave Woodstock Palace to his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales,[22] who had a banqueting house built of leafy tree branches in the park, in which he held a dinner for his parents and his sister Princess Elizabeth in August 1612.[23][24] On 19 February 1617, Woodstock was given to Prince Charles.[25]

In 1649, a survey was made of the manor buildings, mentioning, "a large gatehouse and a courtyard, on the north of which there is range of buildings called the Prince's Lodgings, on the east a spacious hall, adjoining to which there is a chapel and lodgings, known by the name of the Bishop's Lodgings, another courtyard called the Wardrobe, surrounded with the Lord Chamberlain's lodgings and wardrobe rooms, adjoining which is the Queen's Hall and the steward's lodgings. There is a fair staircase leading up to the Guard Chamber, to which joins the Presence Chamber, on the right hand of which is the King's withdrawing room, bedchamber and closet, on the right hand the Queen's lodgings". The rooms were then mostly empty of furnishings.[26]

Woodstock Palace was mostly destroyed during the English Civil War.

Later history

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Inescutcheon "of the Honour and Manor of Woodstock", granted by royal warrant in 1722 as an augmentation of honour to the coat of arms of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and borne at his funeral. By a further royal licence in 1817 it was added as an augmentation to the arms of the Dukes of Marlborough. Cross of St George surmounted by the royal arms of France[27]

In 1705, Parliament granted the royal manor and honour (i.e. feudal barony) of Woodstock to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722), in recognition of his victory over the French at the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704. The manor was to be held in feudal tenure from Queen Anne in free socage by service of grand serjeanty "of presenting at Windsor Castle, on the anniversary of the battle, a standard bearing the fleur-de-lys of France".[28] An inescutcheon "of the Honour and Manor of Woodstock" was further granted by royal warrant in 1722 as an augmentation of honour to his coat of arms and was borne at his funeral. By a further Royal Licence, 26 May 1817, the inescutcheon was added as an augmentation of honour to the arms of the Dukes of Marlborough,[27] and is still borne by them today. The arms comprise a Cross of St George surmounted by the royal arms of France.[29]

Blenheim Palace was built in the manor of Woodstock for the Duke as his new seat. Some stone from the old Palace was used.[1] The ruins of the old palace or manor house of Woodstock were removed in 1723.[30]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Pipe, Simon (23 October 2007). "Woodstock's lost royal palace". BBC Oxford. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  2. ^ Sharp, Accounts, 89; CPR 1232–47, 204.
  3. ^ Davies, John. History of Wales. p. 140.
  4. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs, (Oxford, 1873), p. 135.
  5. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs, (Oxford, 1873), p. 382.
  6. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs (Oxford, 1873), p. 135.
  7. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 349.
  8. ^ Samuel Bentley, Excerpta Historica: Or, Illustrations of English History (London, 1831), pp. 96, 98.
  9. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 349.
  10. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 349.
  11. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 349.
  12. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), pp. 351–352.
  13. ^ Joseph Stevenson, Calendar State Papers Foreign, Elizabeth, 1558–1559, 1 (London, 1863), pp. lxv–lxiv.
  14. ^ John Nichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 1 (London, 1823), pp. 8–11
  15. ^ A. F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts (Archibald Constable, 1903). p. 359.
  16. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs (Oxford, 1873), pp. 155-7, 164-5.
  17. ^ A. F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts (Archibald Constable, 1903). p. 360.
  18. ^ Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 353.
  19. ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 15 (London, 1930), p. 243.
  20. ^ Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 3 (London, 1791), p. 186.
  21. ^ Horatio Brown, Calendar State Papers Venice, 1610-1613, vol. 12 (London, 1906), pp. 40-1.
  22. ^ Horatio Brown, Calendar State Papers Venice, 1610-1613, vol. 12 (London, 1906), p. 207 no. 324.
  23. ^ Steven Veerapen, The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I (Birlinn, 2023), p. 287: Mary Anne Everett Green & S. C. Lomas, Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (London, 1909), p. 23.
  24. ^ Thomas Birch, Life of Henry Prince of Wales (London, 1760), pp. 331-2.
  25. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs (Oxford, 1873), p. 177.
  26. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs (Oxford, 1873), pp. 206-7.
  27. ^ a b The book of public arms : a complete encyclopædia of all royal, territorial, municipal, corporate, official, and impersonal arms by Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles, 1915, p.862 [1]
  28. ^ A P Baggs, W J Blair, Eleanor Chance, Christina Colvin, Janet Cooper, C J Day, Nesta Selwyn and S C Townley, 'Blenheim: Woodstock manor', in A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 12, Wootton Hundred (South) Including Woodstock, ed. Alan Crossley and C R Elrington (London, 1990), pp. 431-435 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol12/pp431-435
  29. ^ Blazon: On an escutcheon argent the Cross of St George surmounted by another escutcheon azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis two and one or (Montague-Smith, P.W. (ed.), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston-upon-Thames, 1968, p.747)
  30. ^ Edward Marshall, The Early History of Woodstock Manor and Its Environs (Oxford, 1873), p. 263.
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51°50′45″N 01°21′50″W / 51.84583°N 1.36389°W / 51.84583; -1.36389

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