Polish People's Army
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The Polish People's Army (Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, pronounced [luˈdɔvɛ ˈvɔjskɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; LWP)[1] constituted the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1943–1945, and in 1945–1989 the armed forces of the Polish communist state (from 1952, the Polish People's Republic), ruled by the Polish Workers' Party and then the Polish United Workers' Party. The communist-led Polish armed forces, allowed and facilitated by Joseph Stalin, were the result of efforts made in the early 1940s in the Soviet Union by Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling.
The official name of those formations were: Armia Polska w ZSRR (Polish Army in the USSR) from 1943 to 1944, Wojsko Polskie (Polish Troops) and Siły Zbrojne Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej (Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland) from 1944 to 1952 and from 1952 Siły Zbrojne Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic). On 7 October 1950, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino was declared the official "Day of the Polish People's Army" by the authorities of the People's Republic.
History
[edit]World War II
[edit]What became the LWP was formed during World War II, in May 1943, as the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army, unofficially known as Berling's Army. Because of the shortage of Polish officers and the policies of the Soviet Union, in March 1945 Soviet Red Army officers accounted for nearly 52% of the officer corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained in the LWP by July 1946.[2]
It was not the only Polish formation that fought on the Allied side, nor the first one formed in the East. The earlier Polish force formed in the Soviet Union, known as Anders' Army, was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and by that time had moved to Iran. The communist-led Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the First Polish Army (initially under Zygmunt Berling) and the Second Polish Army (commanded by Karol Świerczewski). The First Polish Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the Battle of Kolberg and the final Battle of Berlin.[1]
Immediate post-war years
[edit]After the war the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) military districts. These were the Warsaw Military District, headquartered (HQ) in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, HQ in Lublin, the Kraków Military District, HQ in Kraków, the Łódź Military District, HQ in Łódź, the Poznań Military District, HQ in Poznań, the Pomeranian Military District, HQ in Toruń, and the Silesian Military District, HQ in Katowice.[citation needed]
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Polish Army was under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and Minister of Defense of Poland Konstantin Rokossovsky. It was increasingly integrated into Soviet military structure and organization. This process was mitigated in the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when Władysław Gomułka formalized aspects of Poland's military relationship with the Soviet Union.[3] The Sovietization of the armed forces structure was phased out altogether and thus the combat and service support structures were integrated once more into regular combat formations following the old Polish model.
Cold War
[edit]An anti-Zionist purge in the Polish Army took place in 1968 to systematically remove soldiers of Jewish origin, following the Six-Day War between Israel and Arab countries.
Characteristics
[edit]Uniform
[edit]In 1949, the first fundamental uniform reform after the war was made.[4] The "Dress Rules for the Soldiers of the Polish Army" were introduced and were to apply from January 1, 1951.
In the Polish People's Army, a soft field cap modeled on the pre-war one was introduced. After the war, the pre-war garrison caps were used again. Stiffened caps were only worn until around 1950 when they were completely replaced by round caps. In 1982, the Polish Rogatywka, modeled on the pattern from 1935, were restored in the Polish Army's Representative Company.[5]
Chaplaincy
[edit]Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Polish People's Army, its officers and soldiers were provided with pastoral care. Such a service was provided by the General Dean's Office of the Polish Army.[6]
Training
[edit]In the 1980s, the Polish People's Republic had 4 military academies and 11 higher officers' schools, which trained auxiliary corpsmen and corresponded in rank to higher educational institutions. In 1954, judo instructors from the Warsaw and Kraków institutes of physical culture, participated in the training program for border guards and military personnel of the airborne units of the Polish army.[7]
Equipment
[edit]Weapon | Origin | Type | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
P-64 | Polish People's Republic | Semi-automatic pistol | ||
P-83 | Polish People's Republic | Semi-automatic pistol | ||
P-33[8] | Polish People's Republic | Semi-automatic pistol | Licensed copy of TT-33. | |
AKM | Soviet Union | Assault rifle | Standard issue rifle | |
PM-84 | Polish People's Republic | Submachine gun | Limited use | |
PM-63 | Polish People's Republic | Submachine gun | Standard submachine gun form 1963 till 1989[9] | |
7.62 mm pm wz.41 | Soviet Union | Submachine gun | Polish PPSh-41 produced domestically.[10] | |
SWD | Soviet Union | Designated sniper rifle | Standard marksman rifle of PPA | |
PK | Soviet Union | General purpose machinegun | Standard general purpose machinegun of PPA | |
SKS | Soviet Union | Semi-automatic rifle | [11] | |
Mosin–Nagant | Soviet Union | Bolt-action rifle | Domestically produced.[12] | |
SG-43 Goryunov | Polish People's Republic | Machine gun | [13] | |
RPG-7 | Soviet Union | Light AT weapon |
Ground Forces
[edit]Tank | Origin | Version | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-60 | Soviet Union | 3 pcs. - 1944-1945[14][15] | After the war, several pieces were sent to military schools.[16] | |
T-70 | Soviet Union | 53 pcs. - 1944-1945[17] | Some of the tanks used after 1945 by the Internal Security Corps.[18] | |
T-34 | Soviet Union | 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943[19] | 118 pcs. - 1944-1945[20] | According to Magnuski, many different versions of the T-34 vehicle were used, both early production and modernized ones.[21] |
T-34-85 | Soviet Union | M1, M2[22] | 328 pcs. - 1944-1945. 1083 pcs. - 1955, 1444 pcs. - 1960, 417 pcs. - 1985[23] | Domestically produced 1355 pcs. between 1952-1956.
In 1985, the military had 417 pieces of M1, M2 versions.[24] |
PT-76 | Soviet Union | PT-76, PT-76B[25] | 68 pcs. - 1965, 108 pcs. - 1970, 112 pcs. - 1985, 30 pcs. 1990[26] | Some of the tanks were modernized in Poland by adding a DSzK HMG above the loader's hatch.[27] |
T-54 | Soviet Union | A, AD, AM, AM1, AM2, T-55U[28] | 1258 pcs. - 1965, 998 pcs. - 1970[29] | Between 1956-1964, 2,000 T-54 tanks were produced under license in Poland.[30] |
T-55 | Soviet Union | A, AD, AD-1, AD-2, AM, AD1M, AD2M, AMS[31] | 128 pcs. - 1965, 956 pcs. - 1970, 2653 pcs., 2100 pcs. - 1990[32] | Between 1964 and 1980, 5,000 T-55s were produced. Most of it was exported.[33] |
T-72 | Soviet Union | M, M1[34] | 317 pcs. - 1985, 700 pcs. - 1990[35] | In the years 1981-1990, Zakłady Mechaniczne Bumar-Łabędy produced approximately 1,600 T-72 tanks.[36] |
IS-2 | Soviet Union | M[37] | 50 pcs. - 1944-1945,[38][39] 180 pcs. - 1955, 75 pcs. - 1960[40] | Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[41] |
IS-3 | Soviet Union | 2 or 3 pcs.[42] | Brought for testing purposes. They did not come into use. Two copies have been preserved in museums in Poznań and Warsaw.[43] |
TD/SPG | Origin | Version | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
SU-57 | USA | SPG | 15 pcs. - 1944-1945,[44] Few pcs. survived war.[45] | Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[46] |
SU-76 | Soviet Union | SPG | 130 pcs. - 1944-1945,[47] 206 pcs. - 1955.[48] | Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[49] |
SU-85 | Soviet Union | TD | 70 pcs. - 1944-1945,[50] 51 pcs. - 1955, 43 pcs. - 1960[51] | Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[52] |
SU-100 | Soviet Union | TD | At least 3 pcs. - 1943-1945[53] | Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[54] |
ISU-122S | Soviet Union | SPG | 32 pcs. – 1944-1945,[55] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-152) – 1955, 49 pcs. – 1960[56] | Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.[57] |
SU-152 | Soviet Union | SPG | 3 pcs. - 1944-1945[58] | |
ISU-152 | Soviet Union | SPG | 10 pcs. – 1944-1945,[59] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-122S) – 1955[60] | Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.[61] |
ASU-85 | Soviet Union | SPG | 20-30 pcs. - 1965-1975[62] | Withdrawn from use in the second half of 1970s.[63] |
2S1 Goździk | Soviet Union | SPG | 166 pcs. - 1985, 490 pcs. - 1990[64] | Licensed production launched in the 1980s at Huta Stalowa Wola.[65] |
wz.77 DANA | Czechoslovak Socialist Republic | SPG | The first copies appeared in WP in the mid-1980s.[66] |
APC/IFV | Origin | Version | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BWP-1 | Soviet Union | IFV | 1 400[67] | |
BMP-2 | Soviet Union | IFV | 62[68] | Sold to Angola after communism fell in country.[69] |
MT-LB | Soviet Union | APC | 15 | [70] |
TOPAS | Czechoslovakia | WPT-TOPAS, -2AP, R-2, R-3[71] | 120 pcs. - 1968, 70 pcs. - 1990[72] | Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia[73] |
SKOT | Czechoslovakia | -1A, -2A, S-260 Art, S-260 Inż., -WPT, -2AP, R-1, R-2, R2M, R2AM, R-3, R-3M, R-3AM, R-4, R-6[74] | 548 pcs. - 1966
2 500 total production form Polish Army[75] |
Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia between 1963-1971.[76] |
BTR-60 | Soviet Union | PU-12[77] | Included with the 9K33 Osa SAM system delivered between 1980 and 1985.[78] | |
BRDM-1 | Soviet Union | The first ones entered the army in the 1960s[79] | ||
BRDM-2 | Soviet Union | 9P133, 9P148, RS, 9P31[80] | 800 pcs. - 1990[81] | |
FUG | Hungarian People's Republic | The first ones entered the army in the 1960s[82] |
Air Force
[edit]Model | Origin | Type | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
MiG-21 | Soviet Union | Fighter | 600 | [83] |
MiG-23 | Soviet Union | Fighter | 40 | [83] |
MiG-29 | Soviet Union | Fighter | 12 | [83] |
Sukhoi Su-7 | Soviet Union | Attack Aircraft | 50 | [83] |
Su-20 | Soviet Union | Attack Aircraft | 40 | [84] |
Sukhoi Su-22 | Soviet Union | Attack Aircraft | 110 | [84] |
Ilyushin Il-28 | Soviet Union | Bomber | 80 | [84] |
Antonov An-2 | Soviet Union | Transport | N/A | [84] |
Antonov An-26 | Soviet Union | Transport | 20 | |
Ilyushin Il-14 | Soviet Union | Transport | 30 | |
Mil Mi-8 | Soviet Union | Helicopter | 80 | |
Mil Mi-2 | Soviet Union | Helicopter | 200 | [85] |
Mil Mi-24 | Soviet Union | Attack helicopter | 40 |
Artillery
[edit]Rocket Artillery
[edit]- BM-21 Grad-250 in 1980s.
- 9K52 Luna-M- 40 launchers in 1980s[86]
- Scud B- 25 launchers in 1980s [87]
Towed artillery
[edit]Selfpropelled artillery
[edit]- 2S1 Gvozdika-498[88]
- 152 mm SpGH DANA- 111[88]
- 2S7 Pion-8[86]
Air defense
[edit]Mobile missile
[edit]Mobile self-propelled AA guns
[edit]- ZSU-23-4 Shilka-150 were delivered from USSR until 1991[90]
Towed anti-aircraft gun
Engagements
[edit]- Battle of Lenino - 1943
- Battle of Studzianki - 1944
- Vistula-Oder offensive - 1945
- Battle of Kolberg - 1945
- Battle of Bautzen - 1945
- Battle of Berlin - 1945
- Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)
- Battles for Bircza - 1945-1946
- Operation Vistula - 1947
- Poznań protests of 1956
- Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia - 1968
- Polish protests of 1970
- Pacification of Wujek - 1981
- Martial law in Poland (13 December 1981 – 22 July 1983)
See also
[edit]- Air Force of the Polish Army
- Polish Armed Forces
- Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)
- Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (GZI WP)
- Internal Military Service (WSW)
- Border Protection Troops (WOP)
- Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)
- Polish Military Organisation
- Armia Ludowa
- Gwardia Ludowa
- Polish forces in the West
- Polish forces in the East
- First Polish Army (1944–1945)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (2016). "Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego". Encyklopedia WIEM.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). "Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945-1956". Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL (in Polish). 2 (2). AWL: 86–87. ISSN 1731-8157.
- ^ Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR [The Magnificent Seven: First Secretaries of KC PZPR], Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, ISBN 978-83-7700-042-7, pp. 214–215
- ^ Dziennik rozkazów MON nr 4 z 1949 roku poz.30.
- ^ "Pulk Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego".
- ^ "Duszpasterstwo wojskowe w PRL". sjerzy.parafia.info.pl. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
- ^ Влодзимеж Голембевский. Из-под Фудзиямы на Вислу // журнал «Польша», № 5 (117), май 1964. стр.52-53
- ^ Instrukcja Piechoty Pistolet wz. 1933 (wydanie drugie) Piech. 38/48 [Infantry Manual Pistol pattern. 1933 (second edition) Piech. 38/48] (in Polish) (2nd ed.). Poland: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. 18 October 1961.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej - Departament Uzbrojenia (1974). 9 mm PISTOLET MASZYNOWY wz.1963 OPIS I UŻYTKOWANIE SPOSOBY I ZASADY STRZELANIA Uzbr. 1048/68 [9 mm MACHINE PISTOL wz.1963 DESCRIPTION AND USE SHOOTING METHODS AND RULES Armed. 1048/68] (in Polish) (Wydanie z 1974 ed.). Poland: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131214032102/http://www.fabrykabroni.pl/tresci.php. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Artigo original com identificação". doi:10.33233/eb.v17i5.2331.s1537 (inactive 2024-11-04). Retrieved 2024-07-06.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference". 2017-07-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ Smith 1969, p. 526.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP: 1943 - 1983. Warszawa: Wydawn. Min. Obrony Nar. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Magnuski, Janusz; Modrzewski, Jerzy (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983. Warszawa: Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-11-06990-9.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
- ^ Szczerbicki, Tomasz (2017). Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016. Czerwonak: Vesper. ISBN 978-83-7731-249-0.
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Sources
[edit]- Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. ISBN 9780811715669.
- The Military Balance 2017. Arundel House, Temple Place, London, UK: International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 2017. ISBN 978-1-85743-900-7. OCLC 960838207 – via Routledge.
External links
[edit]- Media related to Ludowe Wojsko Polskie at Wikimedia Commons
- Maps showing the LWP positioning
- Personnel policy of the LWP in the post-war period